# Gendered emotional norms

**Do we treat boys' and girls' emotions differently?**

Whether you treat sons and daughters the same when they show feelings, or hold different expectations such as telling boys to toughen up.

In short: Parents choose between 3 main approaches: Same comfort and expectations for sons and daughters; Mostly the same; Traditional ("toughen up"). Evidence: evidence leans one way. Research or guidance points in a direction, but it's thin, small or correlational. Best settled: toddler.

- Area: Emotions and resilience
- Evidence: Evidence leans one way
- Best settled: Toddler
- First published: 2026-10-03
- Last updated: 2026-10-05
- Page: https://www.raisingyourchild.com/topics/emotions-and-resilience--gendered-emotional-norms

## Gendered emotional norms: what are the options?

1. **Same comfort and expectations for sons and daughters**: Boys and girls get the same comfort and the same expectations.
2. **Mostly the same**: You treat them almost the same, with small differences.
3. **Traditional ("toughen up")**: Boys are expected to be tough and to hold feelings in.

## Gendered emotional norms: what does the evidence say?

**Evidence leans one way.** Research or guidance points in a direction, but it's thin, small or correlational. (Leans (correlational))

Observational studies find that mothers and fathers both use more emotion words, and talk more elaborately about sadness and fear, with daughters than with sons. A meta-analysis of children's own expression found girls show more positive and more internalizing emotion such as sadness, boys more anger. In a 2026 survey of 892 boys aged 13-18, stronger conformity to masculine norms went with more emotional suppression, and suppression accounted for the link to distress. These are correlations, not trials of changing parenting, so they point in a direction without proving that treating sons and daughters alike changes outcomes

Sources:

- [Denham et al.](https://denhamlab.gmu.edu/Publications%20PDFs/Denham,%20Bassett,%20&%20Wyatt%202010.pdf)
- [Time on a Surrey study](https://time.com/3581587/mothers-emotion-words-girls-boys-surrey-studymothers-encourage-emotions-more-in-daughters-over-sons-study-says/)
- [Chaplin & Aldao, 2013, via Chaplin 2015](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1754073914544408)
- [Zheng & Meier, 2026](https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883261451005)

## What else is worth knowing?

Children pick up early which feelings are acceptable for boys and for girls. Parents often treat sons and daughters differently without intending to. This is about whether you want the same emotional rules for any child.

## Questions to ask each other

- Did you get different messages about feelings as a boy or a girl?
- How would we respond if our son cried or our daughter was angry?
- What do we want to say about feelings to any child of ours?

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General information, not medical advice. Two parents can each answer this and compare: https://www.raisingyourchild.com/explore?cat=emotions-and-resilience&topic=emotions-and-resilience--gendered-emotional-norms